Activación de sensores del estrés del retículo endoplásmico por dietas asociadas a enfermedades metabólicas y COVID-19 / Activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress sensors by metabolic disease-associated diets and COVID-19

El retículo endoplásmico es un organelo abundante, dinámico y sensor de energía. Sus abundantes membranas, rugosa y lisa, se encuentran distribuidas en diferentes proporciones dependiendo del linaje y requerimiento celular. Su función es llevar a cabo la síntesis de proteínas y lípidos, y es el almacén principal de Ca2+ intracelular. La sobrecarga calórica y la glucolipotoxicidad generada por dietas hipercalóricas provoca la alteración del retículo endoplásmico, activando la respuesta a proteínas mal plegadas (UPR, Unfolded Protein Response, por sus siglas en inglés) como reacción al estrés celular relacionado con el retículo endoplásmico y cuyo objetivo es restablecer la homeostasis del organelo al disminuir el estrés oxidante, la síntesis de proteínas y la fuga de Ca2+. Sin embargo, durante un estrés crónico, la UPR induce formación de especies reactivas de oxígeno, inflamación y apoptosis, exacerbando el estado del retículo endoplásmico y propagando un efecto nocivo para los demás organelos. Es por ello que el estrés del retículo endoplásmico se ha considerado un inductor del inicio y desarrollo de enfermedades metabólicas, incluido el agravamiento de COVID-19. Hasta el momento, existen pocas estrategias para reestablecer la homeostasis del retículo endoplásmico, las cuales son dirigidas a los sensores que desencadenan la UPR. Por tanto, se justifica con urgencia la identificación de nuevos mecanismos y terapias novedosas relacionadas con mitigar el impacto del estrés del retículo endoplásmico y las complicaciones asociadas.

The endoplasmic reticulum is an abundant, dynamic and energy-sensing organelle. Its abundant membranes, rough and smooth, are distributed in different proportions depending on the cell lineage and requirement. Its function is to carry out protein and lipid synthesis, and it is the main intracellular Ca2+ store. Caloric overload and glycolipotoxicity generated by hypercaloric diets cause alteration of the endoplasmic reticulum, activating the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) as a reaction to cellular stress related to the endoplasmic reticulum and whose objective is to restore the homeostasis of the organelle by decreasing oxidative stress, protein synthesis and Ca2+ leakage. However, during chronic stress, the UPR induces reactive oxygen species formation, inflammation and apoptosis, exacerbating the state of the endoplasmic reticulum and propagating a deleterious effect on the other organelles. This is why endoplasmic reticulum stress has been considered an inducer of the onset and development of metabolic diseases, including the aggravation of COVID-19. So far, few strategies exist to reestablish endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis, which are targeted to sensors that trigger UPR. Therefore, the identif ication of new mechanisms and novel therapies related to mitigating the impact of endoplasmic reticulum stress and associated complications is urgently warranted.

Impact of high-energy diets on the rumen environment and digital cushion in confined cattle / O impacto de dietas de alto valor energético sobre o ambiente ruminal e o tecido digital em bovinos confinados

This study aimed to identify gross and microscopic changes, caused by high-energy diets, in the rumen environment and hoof of confined beef cattle. The study sample comprised 40 confined heifers (Bos taurus) with no disease history divided into four experimental groups using different diets: Group 1 (D1, control), 48:52 forage:concentrate ratio; Group 2 (D2), 30:70 forage:concentrate ratio; Group 3 (D3), 30:70 forage:concentrate ratio + sucrose; Group 4 (D4), 100% concentrate. All animals underwent clinical examination, assessment of ruminal fluid pH and lameness, and sample collection after slaughter for histopathology of the hoof laminae and digital cushion and ruminal tissue. All dependent variables of the study were compared using the SPSS 20.0 statistical software. The variables that did not show normality (HR, RM, ST, and CRT) were compared with application of the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by the Dunnet's multiple comparison test. All other variables were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's test. The different diets had an impact on the rumen environment (p<0.05) of the heifers assessed, with momentary general depression in the first 12 h after sucrose induction (D3), as well as mild clinical signs in D4. The animals in D3 and D4 presented lower motility (p<0.05) and ruminal pH (p<0.01) than those in D1. Of the 40 heifers, 27.5% (n=11) showed gross lesions in the epithelium of ruminal pillars, whereas 22.5% (n=9) of those in D3 and D4 presented these lesions. Sole corium thickness varied between heifers in D3 compared with those in D1 and D2 (p<0.05). Therefore, high-energy diets, as used in this study, alter some clinical parameters and the rumen environment, causing lesions in the rumen mucosa, and of lesser intensity, in the hoof corium and laminae, suggestive of laminitis.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar alterações macroscópicas e microscópicas provocadas por dietas de alto valor energético no ambiente ruminal e casco de bovinos de corte (Bos taurus) em confinamento. Foram utilizadas 40 novilhas mantidas em confinamento, sendo divididas em 4 grupos experimentais: Grupo D1(controle) - 48% de volumoso e 52% de concentrado; Grupo D2 - 30% de volumoso e 70% de concentrado; Grupo D3 - 30% de volumoso e 70% de concentrado + sacarose; Grupo D4 - 100% de concentrado. Foi realizado exame clínico dos animais, avaliação do pH ruminal, da claudicação, além de coletas de amostras post-mortem para análises histopatológicas da região laminar do casco, coxim digital e do rúmen. Todas as variáveis dependentes do estudo foram comparadas por meio do software estatístico SPSS 20.0. As variáveis sem normalidade (FC, MR, Tc e TPC) foram comparadas pelo teste de Kruskal Wallis, seguido pelo teste de comparação múltipla de Dunnet. Todas demais foram submetidas a análise de variância (ANOVA), seguida pelo teste de Tukey. Foi observado impacto das distintas dietas ao ambiente ruminal (p<0,05). Os grupos D3 e D4 exibiram menor motilidade (p<0,05) e pH ruminal (p<0,01). 27,5% (n=11) dos animais tiveram registros macroscópicos de lesões no epitélio dos pilares ruminais enquanto que os submetidos às dietas 3 e 4 foi observada ocorrência de 22,5% (n=9) de lesões macroscópicas no rúmen. As espessuras do córium solear variaram entre os grupos que receberam a indução de sacarose em relação ao grupo controle e novilhas alimentadas com a dieta 2 (p<0,05). Sendo assim dietas com elevada densidade energética, na condição em que foi empregada, alteraram alguns parâmetros clínicos e o ambiente ruminal, provocando lesões na mucosa do rúmen e de pouca intensidade no córium e tecido laminar, sugestiva de laminite.(AU)

Avaliação do consumo alimentar de pacientes com síndrome do intestino irritável em acompanhamento ambulatorial / Evaluation of carbohydrate and fiber consumption in patients with irritable bowel syndrome in outpatient treatment

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic functional condition, which main symptoms of pain, discomfort and abdominal distension, constipation, diarrhea, altered fecal consistency and sensation of incomplete evacuation can be influenced by the presence of dietary fiber and fermentable carbohydrates (FODMAPs). This study aimed to assess the relationship between the quantity of fermentable carbohydrates (FODMAP) and fiber consumed by individuals diagnosed with IBS, and their classification according to the Rome III criteria. METHODS: A transversal study was carried out in the Intestinal Outpatient Clinic of the Gastroenterology Discipline of UNIFESP. The nutrients of interest for the study were: fiber, general carbohydrates and FODMAPs, with intake quantity measured in grams, analyzed through portions consumed. A nutrition log was used, along with a semi-quantitative questionnaire of consumption frequency. RESULTS: The sample included 63 adult patients; 21 with constipated IBS, 21 with diarrhea IBS, and 21 with mixed IBS. Carbohydrate intake was suboptimal in 55.6% of patients in all groups; excessive consumption was identified in 38.1% of the diarrhea group, 14.3% of the mixed group and 38.1% of the constipated group. Low consumption of carbohydrates was found in 28.6% of diarrhea patients and 47.6% of the mixed group. A mean intake of 23 g of fiber per day was identified, lower than recommended. CONCLUSION: The study identified a number of inadequacies in the consumption of different nutrients, excessive carbohydrate intake, especially FODMAPs, identified by the respondents as responsible for a worsening of their conditions. By contrast, other food groups such as meat, eggs and dairy were consumed by the sample population in insufficient quantities.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: A síndrome do intestino irritável é um distúrbio funcional crônico, no qual a dieta, principalmente o teor de fibra dietética e presença de carboidratos fermentativos (FODMAPs) podem influenciar nos principais sintomas: dores, desconforto e/ou distensão abdominal, constipação, diarreia, alteração na consistência das fezes, sensação de evacuação incompleta. OBJETIVO: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as quantidades de carboidratos fermentativos (FODMAP) e fibras consumidas por indivíduos com o diagnóstico de síndrome do intestino irritável e relacionar com seu modelo da classificação, segundo os critérios Roma III. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, realizado no Ambulatório de Doenças Intestinais da Disciplina de Gastroenterologia/UNIFESP. Os nutrientes de interesse para o estudo foram: fibras, carboidratos em geral e FODMAPs, calculando-se suas quantidades em gramas, analisadas através das porções consumidas. Os instrumentos de pesquisa utilizados: ficha de acompanhamento nutricional e questionário de frequência alimentar semi-quantitativo. RESULTADOS: A amostra incluiu 63 pacientes adultos, com síndrome do intestino irritável constipado (21), diarreico (21) e misto (21). O consumo de carboidratos mostrou-se inadequado em 55,6% dos indivíduos em todos os grupos; os que tinham alto consumo (38,1%) pertenciam ao grupo diarreia, 14,3% ao misto e 38,1 % ao constipado. Baixo consumo deste nutriente foi 28,6% nos casos de diarreia e 47,6% do misto. Observamos uma ingestão média de fibras equivalente à 23 g/dia, nos três grupos, inferior ao recomendado. CONCLUSÃO: O estudo permitiu reconhecer várias inadequações no consumo dos diferentes grupos de alimentos, particularmente excesso de carboidratos, incluindo os classificados como FODMAPs, identificados pelos doentes como responsáveis pela piora das suas queixas. Em contrapartida, nutrientes fundamentais, como carnes, ovos, leite e derivados estiveram referidos em níveis abaixo do recomendado.

Maternal obesity and late effects on offspring metabolism / Obesidade materna e efeitos tardios sobre o metabolismo da prole

Objective : The aim of this study was to evaluate the late effects of maternal obesity induced by lesion of the ventromedial hypothalamus on offspring metabolism.Materials and methods : Thirty days after the bilateral lesion of the ventromedial hypothalamus, female rats were mated and divided into 2 groups of pregnant animals: Control (C) – false lesion (sham) and Obese (OB) – lesion. Three months after that, with the groups of mothers, offspring were divided into control and obese animals that received a normocaloric diet (C-N and OB-N), and control and obese animals that received a hypercaloric diet (C-H and OB-H). At 120 days of age, the animals were euthanized and their carcasses, feces and food were submitted to calorimetric analysis to determine energy balance and body composition.Results : During the growth period, offspring from obese mothers showed higher values of body weight and food intake than controls. Obese animals showed higher body weight gain and gross food efficiency than control animals in adulthood. The hypercaloric diet led to increased metabolizable energy intake, percentage of absorbed energy and energy expenditure in both groups. Body composition was only affected by the association of hypercaloric diet and maternal obesity that led to increased body fat.Conclusions : Maternal obesity has led to the development of later overweight in offspring, suggesting fetal programming. According to the trend presented, it is believed that the prolonged intake of hypercaloric diets in adult animals may, as an additional effect, induce worsening of the overweight induced by maternal obesity. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2014;58(3):301-7.

Objetivo Avaliar os efeitos tardios da obesidade materna induzida por lesão do núcleo ventromedial do hipotálamo sobre o metabolismo da prole. Trinta dias após a lesão bilateral do hipotálamo ventromedial, ratos fêmeas foram colocadas para acasalar e divididas em dois grupos de animais gestantes: Controle (C) – falsa lesão e Obeso (OB) – lesionados. Três meses após o nascimento, de acordo com os grupos das mães, os filhotes foram divididos em animais controle e obesos que recebiam dieta normocalórica (C-N and OB-N) e animais controle e obesos que recebiam dieta hipercalórica (C-H and OB-H). Aos 120 dias de idade, os animais foram eutanasiados e as carcaças, fezes e ração foram submetidas à análise calorimétrica para determinação do balanço energético e composição corporal.Resultados Durante o período de crescimento, os filhos de mães obesas mostraram maiores valores de peso corporal e ingestão alimentar que animais controle. Os animais obesos apresentaram maiores valores de ganho de peso corporal e eficiência metabólica que os animais controle quando adultos. A dieta hipercalórica levou ao aumento da energia metabolizável, percentagem de energia absorvida e gasto energético para ambos os grupos. A composição corporal foi somente afetada pela associação da dieta hipercalórica com a obesidade materna que levou ao aumento da gordura corporal.Conclusões : A obesidade materna levou ao sobrepeso tardio na prole, sugerindo uma programação fetal. Pela tendência apresentada, acreditamos que a ingestão prolongada de dietas hipercalóricas em animais adultos possa induzir uma piora no quadro de sobrepeso induzido pela obesidade materna. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2014;58(3):301-7.

Dietary intake of different carbohydrates among incident stroke patients during previous year

Stroke is a leading cause of preventable morbidity and mortality in the United States. Numerous studies have shown that dietary carbohydrates play an important role in stroke incident. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the association between dietary intake of carbohydrate and its types and stroke incidence among Iranian adults. A case-control study was performed among 46 men [5618] and 23 women [527] admitted to the Al Zahra hospital with stroke and 60 healthy people were chosen in control group. Dietary intake was measured by food frequency questionnaire [FFQ] including 168 items. Food processor software [version 2] was used to analyze data. Anthropometric indices of male and female patients were [BMI: 297.5], [Waist: 11215] and [BMI: 25.53.5], [Waist: 925] respectively. Energy intake and carbohydrate consumption of patients in both genders was higher than the healthy subjects which was statistically significant among men [P < 0.05]. Across different carbohydrate sources, refined carbohydrates consumption was higher among patients in both gender rather than the healthy subjects While, the healthy people had a higher whole grain consumption. High carbohydrate intake specially refined sources with high glycemic index [GI] and glycemic load [GL] is associated with increased risk of stroke. Hence, dietary intake requires improvement to provide protection from life threatening outcomes

Asociación entre el consumo de macronutrientes de la dieta y caries en adultos y adultos mayores diabéticos tipo 2 / Association between dietary macronutrients and caries in type 2 diabetic adults and elderly

Objetivos: Se ha reportado una mayor tasa de caries en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM), probablemente debido a cambios en los patrones de dieta. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar si existe una asociación entre la composición de macronutrientes de la dieta y la caries en sujetos con DM. Métodos: Una muestra compuesta por 33 sujetos con DM y 37 controles sin la patología fue examinada para determinar la experiencia de caries mediante el índice COPD y la prevalencia de caries radiculares con ICDAS II. Se aplicó una encuesta de dieta de reporte de 24 horas. Para determinar la composición de la dieta, los alimentos fueron clasificados acorde al contenido de macronutrientes; carbohidratos, proteínas y lípidos (gramos/día, kilocalorías y porcentaje del nutriente/día). Resultados: Los resultados fueron analizados mediante Kruskal-Wallis y Mann-Whitney. Un análisis de correlación y un modelo de regresión lineal se utilizaron para analizar la asociación entre composición de macronutrientes y la tasa de caries coronales y radiculares, con un nivel de significancia del 95 por ciento. Resultados: Los pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 mostraron mayor número de dientes perdidos por caries, más dientes obturados y más caries radiculares (p<0.05) que los controles sin DM. Los diabéticos presentaron menor consumo de carbohidratos (p=0.021), pero mayor consumo de proteínas (p=0.0405) que los controles. Se verificó una asociación directa entre un mayor consumo de proteínas con una tasa mayor de caries radiculares en pacientes con DM (p<0.001). Conclusión: Las diferencias en el consumo de macronutrientes en pacientes con DM no se relacionan con tasas diferenciales de caries coronales, pero un mayor consumo de proteínas se asocia con una mayor prevalencia de caries radiculares.

Objectives: Higher caries rates have been reported for type 2 diabetes mellitus patients (DM). Changes in dietary patterns may be partly responsible. The aim of this study was to examine a potential association between dietary macronutrient composition and caries experience in DM patients. Methods: Thirty three adults with DM and thirty seven controls, not affected by DM, were examined to assess coronal caries through DMFT index and root caries by ICDAS II. A 24-hr diet recall survey was used to determine dietary macronutrient composition supplemented with standardized tables and expressed as grams /day, kilocalories/nutrient and percentage of nutrient/day. Results were compared using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney. A correlation analysis was performed and a linear regression model was built for a potential association between macronutrient composition and coronal or root caries. A 95 percent significance level was set. Results: DM patients showed lower remaining teeth, more fillings and more root caries (p<0.05) than controls. Lower carbohydrate consumption (p=0.021), but higher protein intake (p=0.0405) was observed in DM patients as compared with controls. A statistically significant association between an increased protein consumption and higher percentage of root caries was found in DM patients (p<0.001). Conclusion: Although differences in macronutrient consumption in DM patients are not correlated with differential rates of coronal caries, higher protein consumption appears to be associated with higher prevalence of root caries.

Consumo de alimentos protetores e preditores do risco cardiovascular em adultos do estado de Pernambuco / Consumption of foods that protect against and promote cardiovascular disease by adults from Pernambuco State, Brazil

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o consumo de alimentos protetores e preditores do risco cardiovascular e os fatores associados na população adulta do Estado de Pernambuco. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, de base populacional, envolvendo 1.820 adultos de 25 a 59 anos. Foram constituídos 3 grupos de alimentos: fontes em fibras (protetores), em carboidratos simples e em gorduras saturadas (risco para doenças cardiovasculares e ganho excessivo de peso). O consumo alimentar foi avaliado por um questionário de frequência alimentar com mensuração convertida em escores. O modelo conceitual considerou variáveis socioeconômicas, demográficas, comportamentais e antropométricas. RESULTADOS: O escore médio do consumo de alimentos-fonte em carboidratos simples foi maior que o consumo de alimentos-fonte de fibras e gorduras saturadas (p<0,001). Um menor consumo do grupo de alimentos de risco foi observado em indivíduos de maior idade, provenientes de área rural, com menor renda e escolaridade. Maior consumo de carboidratos simples foi identificado entre indivíduos com baixo peso, e o consumo mais elevado de gorduras saturadas foi verificado em indivíduos não fumantes e naqueles que relataram o consumo de álcool. O consumo de fibras foi superior em indivíduos não fumantes e naqueles de maior renda e escolaridade. CONCLUSÃO: O maior consumo de carboidratos simples, em detrimento do consumo de fibras, está relacionado à suscetibilidade do indivíduo a doenças provocadas pela má alimentação e configura o processo de transição nutricional experimentado pelo Brasil nas últimas décadas.

OBJECTIVE: The present study assessed the consumption of foods that protect against and promote cardiovascular diseases and associated factors by adults from Pernambuco. METHODS: This cross-sectional, population-based study done in 2006 involved 1820 adults aged 25 to 59 years. Foods were divided into three groups: high-fiber (protective foods), sugary foods and high-saturated fat foods (risk of cardiovascular disease and excess weight gain). Food intake was assessed by a food frequency questionnaire and amounts were converted into scores. The model included demographic, socioeconomic, behavioral and anthropometric variables. RESULTS: The mean sugary food intake score was higher than the high-fiber and high-saturated fat intake scores (p<0.001). Older country people with lower income and education level consumed less sugary foods and saturated fats. The highest high-fiber food scores were associated with higher income and education level. Low-birth weight individuals presented a high intake of simple carbohydrates; nonsmokers and those who reported consuming alcoholic beverages presented a high intake of saturated fats. Fiber intake was higher among nonsmokers and individuals with higher income and education level. CONCLUSION: Higher intake of sugary foods instead of high-fiber foods makes people more susceptible to diet-related diseases and reflects the nutritional transition that has been going on in Brazil in the last decades.

Oral health-related knowledge, attitude, and practices among 12-year-old schoolchildren studying in rural areas of Panchkula, India.

Oral health is fundamental to general health and well being. Schools can provide a supportive environment for promoting oral health. School policies and education on health-related matters are imperative for the attainment of good oral health and control of related risk behaviors. Aim: This study was conducted to assess oral health-related knowledge, attitude, and practices among 12-year-old schoolchildren studying in rural areas of Panchkula, India. The ultimate goal was to implement an oral health-promotion program in this area. Materials and Methods: A total of 440 children (216 males and 224 females) from 12 schools were included in this study. All the participants were requested to complete a 13-question closed-ended questionnaire. The statistical significance of any difference between the two genders was determined using the Chi-square test. Results: Only 25% of the participants said that they cleaned their teeth more than once in a day. Thirty-two percent did not clean their teeth daily. Over the preceding 1 year, 45.5% of the childern had had some problem with their teeth and/or gums, but only 35.9% visited the dentist. Among these children, 8.2% used tobacco in some form. Oral health-related knowledge of girls was significantly better than that of boys. Conclusion: Based upon the findings of the present study, the knowledge, attitude, and practices of the surveyed children with regard to oral health is poor. Hence, there is a need for regular oral health education of the children, as well as their parents and school teachers.

Biochemical evaluation of chitosan in rats fed high fat-high carbohydrate- diet

This study was designed to evaluate the potential of chitosan at a dosage of 27, 180 and 270 mg/Kg b.w, which equivalent to 300, 2000 and 3000 mg/day human age recommended doses, respectively in rats fed high fat-high carbohydrate [HFHC]- diet for six weeks. The obtained results demonstrated that HFHC-fed rats displayed a significant increase in blood glucose, serum lipid profile, atherogenic index, ALT, AST, ALP, total bilirubin, malondialdehyde, urea, creatinine and uric acid compared to the normal control rats. However, the concomitant administration of chitosan with HFHC-diet for 8 weeks led to a dose-dependant improvement in these pathological changes. The low and medium doses of chitosan were exhibited mild to moderate effects. Only a dose of 270 mg chitosan /Kg b.w was able to maintain these changes at near normal levels and demonstrated its hypolipidaemic and hypoglycaemic activities

Avaliação do perfil de risco de cárie dentária em gestantes de Araraquara, Brasil / Evaluación de factores de riesgo de padecer caries dental en gestantes de Araraquara, Brasil / Evaluation of risk factors suffering dental caries in pregnants from Araraquara, Brazil

O conhecimento do risco de cárie na gravidez é essencial para um correto plano de tratamento com ações educativas e preventivas às mães para que possam cuidar adequadamente de sua saúde bucal e de seus filhos. Este estudo retrospectivo teve como objetivo identificar o risco de cárie de gestantes (15-44 anos; média= 25 anos) que frequentaram a clínica de odontologia preventiva da Faculdade de Odontologia de Araraquara, Universidade Estadual Paulista de 1999 a 2007. Um total de 166 prontuários, preenchidos por alunos do 3º ano do Curso de Graduação, seguindo orientações pré-estabelecidas, foram utilizados. Coletou-se informação sobre: classificação do diagnóstico de risco de cárie, trimestre gestacional, consumo de carboidratos (entre ou durante as refeições), placa corada (registro de controle de placa de O'Leary), número e grupo de dentes com experiência de cárie. Para análise estatística foram utilizados o teste de qui-quadrado e ANOVA. A maioria das gestantes (92,1 por cento) apresentou 25 por cento ou mais das superfícies dentárias com placa dental. A média (desvio-padrão) de dentes obturados e cariados foi 7,9 (5,1) e 4,0 (3,4), respectiva emente. Os dentes posteriores foram os mais acometidos por cárie/restaurações. Quanto ao diagnóstico de risco à cárie, a classificação alta foi observada em 38,5 por cento das gestantes, moderada em 47,6 por cento e baixa em 13,9 por cento. Houve associação estatisticamente significativa (p= 0,001) entre o consumo de carboidratos e o diagnóstico de risco de cárie. O índice de placa foi semelhante nos diferentes trimestres gestacionais (f= 0,223; p= 0,803). Portanto pode-se concluir que o risco de cárie da grande maioria das gestantes foi alto ou moderado e esteve estatisticamente associado ao consumo de carboidratos(AU)

The knowledge of risk of carried during pregnant is essential for an appropriate treatment using educational and preventives actions to mother for a good care of their oral health and that of children. The main objective of present retrospective study was to identify the risk of caries of pregnants (aged 15-44, mean= 25 years) came to clinic of Preventive Odontology of Araraquara-UNSEP from 1999 to 2007, using 166 medical records obtained by the third pregraduate year students, following the pre-established guidelines. The information collected includes: classification of caries risk diagnosis, pregnancy trimester, carbohydrates ingestion (between or during foods), dental plaques (O'Leary's plaque control registry) and the number of teeth with caries. The statistical analysis used the Chi² and ANOVA tests. Most of patients showed a 25 percent or more of teeth surfaces with dental plaques (92.1 percent) and carbohydrates consumption among foods (89.2 percent). The mean (SD) of carried and restores teeth was of 7.9 (5.1) and 4.0 (3.4), respectively and the posterior teeth were the more involved by caries/restorations. As regards the diagnosis of caries risk, classification of high risk was observed in the 38.5 percent of pregnants, moderate in the 47.6 percent) and low in the 13.9 percent. There was a statistically significant association (p= 0.001) between the carbohydrates consumption and the diagnosis of caries risk. The plaque's rate was similar in the different trimesters of pregnancy (f= 0.223; p= 0.803). The caries risk of most pregnant women was high or moderate and it was associated with the consumption of carbohydrates(AU)

El conocimiento del riesgo de padecer de caries dental durante el periodo de embarazo es esencial para un correcto plan de tratamiento con las acciones educativas y preventivas necesarias para que las madres puedan cuidar adecuadamente de su salud bucal y la de sus hijos. Este estudio retrospectivo tuvo como objetivo identificar el riesgo de caries dental en las mujeres en periodo de gestación con edades comprendidas entre 15 y 44 años, con una media de 25 años, que acudieron a la clínica de odontología preventiva de la Facultad de Odontología de Araraquara, Universidad Estadual Paulista, del año 1999 al 2007. Se utilizaron 166 historias clínicas hechas por los estudiantes de tercer año de pregrado, según las directrices preestablecidas. La información recogida fue: clasificación del diagnóstico de riesgo de caries, trimestre de embarazo, la ingesta de hidratos de carbono entre o durante las comidas, placa dental (registro de control de placa de O'Leary) y el número de grupo de dientes con caries. El análisis estadístico utilizó el Chi cuadrado y ANOVA. La mayoría de los pacientes mostraron el 25 por ciento o más de las superficies de los dientes con la placa dental con un valor de 92,1 por ciento e hidratos de carbono consumidos entre comidas con un valor de 89,2 por ciento. La media (desviación estándar) de los dientes cariados y restaurados fue de 7,9 (5,1) y 4,0 (3,4) respectivamente; los dientes posteriores se vieron más afectados por la caries o restauraciones. En cuanto al diagnóstico de riesgo de caries, la clasificación de alto riesgo se observó en 38,5 por ciento de las mujeres embarazadas, moderado en 47,6 por ciento y bajo en 13,9 por ciento. Existió una asociación estadísticamente significativa (p= 0,001) entre el consumo de hidratos de carbono y el riesgo de caries. El índice de placa fue similar en los diferentes trimestres del embarazo (f= 0,223 y p= 0,803). El riesgo de padecer caries dental en la gran mayoría de las mujeres embarazadas fue alto o moderado y se asoció significativamente con el consumo de hidratos de carbono(AU)

Diet and breast cancer

Both diet and nutrition have been studied in relationship with breast cancer risk, as the great variation among different countries in breast cancer incidence could possibly be explained through the inflammatory and immune response, as well as antioxidant intake, among others.To date, no clear association with diet beyond overweight and weight gain has been found, except for alcohol consumption. Nonetheless, the small number of studies done in middle to low income countries where variability of food intake is wider,is beginning to show interesting results.

Tanto la dieta como la nutrición han sido estudiadas en relación con el riesgo de cáncer de mama, dada la gran variación de incidencia de cáncer entre países, y la posibilidad de explicarla a través de la respuesta inflamatoria o inmune, así como ingesta de antioxidantes,entre otros.Hasta la fecha, ninguna asociación clara con la dieta ha sido encontrada, excepto para el consumo de alcohol, más allá del sobrepeso y del incremento de peso. Sin embargo, los estudios que se están realizando en países de mediano a bajo nivel de ingresos, con mayor variabilidad de ingesta de alimentos, comienzan a mostrar resultados interesantes.

Efeito da baixa disponibilidade de carboidrato na dieta sobre o primeiro limiar de variabilidade da frequência cardíaca em teste progressivo em cicloergômetro / Effect of low carbohydrates availability on the diet over the first threshold of heart rate variability in progressive test in cycloergometer

O Objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar o efeito de uma dieta pobre em CHO sobre o primeiro limiar de transição fisiológica (LT1) identificado a partir da análise do comportamento da Variabilidade da Frequência Cardíaca (VFC) em teste progressivo em ciclo ergômetro. Para tanto nove sujeitos de 18 a 32 anos foram submetidos a dois testes em cicloergômetro com carga inicial de 25 W e incrementos de 25 W a cada dois minutos. O teste foi encerrado quando o indivíduo não acompanhava a rotação determinada (60 a 70 rpm) ou por exaustão voluntária. Os sujeitos realizaram os testes separados por um período de uma semana em duas diferentes situações de dietas (isocalóricas) por um período de 72 horas prévias aos testes de Dieta Normal (DN) e de Dieta Hipoglicídica (DH). As seguintes variáveis foram mensuradas: VFC a cada estágio para identificação do limiar de VFC (LiVFC) e as concentrações de lactato [La] sanguíneo para identificação do primeiro limiar de lactato (LL1). As variáveis analisadas foram a carga e a Frequência Cardíaca no LiVFC e LL1. Foram encontrados maiores valores para o LL1 e LiVFC quando expressos em cargas relativas para DH. Esses resultados sugerem que o LiVFC e o LL1 podem ser alterados com a manipulação dos teores de carboidratos na dieta.

The aim of the present study was to analyze the effect of a low carbohydrate (CHO) diet on the first physiological transition threshold (TT1) indentified by using analysis of the behavior of Heart Rate Variability (HRV) in progressive test on cycle ergometer. Nine subjects of 18 to 32 years underwent two cycle ergometer tests with initial load of 25W and increments of 25W every two minutes. The test was over when the individual could not follow the determined rotation (60 to 70 rpm) or for voluntary exhaustion. The subjects underwent the tests with an interval of one week in two different dietetic situations (isocaloric diets) consumed in a period of 72 hours prior to testing Normal Diet (ND) and Hypoglicidic Diet (HD). The following variables were measured: HRV at each stage to identify HRV threshold (HRVT) and blood lactate [La] concentrations to identify the first lactate threshold (LT1). The analyzed variables were load and Heart Rate in HRVT and LT1. Higher values were found for LT1 and HRVT when expressed by relative loads in HD. These results suggest that LT1 and HRVT can be modified by manipulating CHO levels in a diet.

A high-carbohydrate diet enhances the adverse effect of the S2 allele of APOC3 SstI polymorphism on the TG/HDL-C ratio only in young Chinese females

Both genetic background and diet have profound effects on plasma lipid profiles. We hypothesized that a high-carbohydrate (high-CHO) diet may affect the ratios of serum lipids and apolipoproteins (apo) differently in subjects with different genotypes of the SstI polymorphism in the apoCIII gene (APOC3). Fifty-six healthy university students (27 males and 29 females, 22.89 ± 1.80 years) were given a washout diet of 54 percent carbohydrate for 7 days, followed by a high-CHO diet of 70 percent carbohydrate for 6 days without total energy restriction. Serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), apoB100, apoAI, and the APOC3 SstI polymorphism were analyzed. The ratios of serum lipids and apoB100/apoAI were calculated. At baseline, the TG/HDL-C ratio was significantly higher in females, but not in males, with the S2 allele. The differences in the TG/HDL-C ratio between genotypes remained the same after the washout and the high-CHO diet in females. When compared with those before the high-CHO diet, the TC/HDL-C (male S2 carriers: 3.13 ± 1.00 vs 2.36 ± 0.65, P = 0.000; male subjects with the S1S1 genotype: 2.97 ± 0.74 vs 2.09 ± 0.55, P = 0.000; female S2 carriers: 2.68 ± 0.36 vs 2.24 ± 0.37, P = 0.004; female subjects with the S1S1 genotype: 2.69 ± 0.41 vs 2.09 ± 0.31, P = 0.000) and LDL-C/HDL-C (male S2 carriers: 1.44 ± 0.71 vs 1.06 ± 0.26, P = 0.012; male subjects with the S1S1 genotype: 1.35 ± 0.61 vs 1.01 ± 0.29, P = 0.005; female S2 carriers: 1.18 ± 0.33 vs 1.00 ± 0.18, P = 0.049; female subjects with the S1S1 genotype: 1.18 ± 0.35 vs 1.04 ± 0.19, P = 0.026) ratios were significantly decreased after the high-CHO diet regardless of gender and of genotype of the APOC3 SstI polymorphism. However, in female S2 carriers, the TG/HDL-C (1.38 ± 0.46 vs 1.63 ± 0.70, P = 0.039) ratio was significantly increased after the high-CHO diet. In conclusion, the high-CHO diet has favorable effects on the TC/HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C ratios regardless of gender and of genotype of the APOC3 SstI polymorphism. Somehow, it enhanced the adverse effect of the S2 allele on the TG/HDL-C ratio only in females.

Cognitive awareness of carbohydrate intake does not alter exercise-induced lymphocyte apoptosis

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether cognitive awareness of carbohydrate beverage consumption affects exercise-induced lymphocyte apoptosis, independent of actual carbohydrate intake. INTRODUCTION: Carbohydrate supplementation during aerobic exercise generally protects against the immunosuppressive effects of exercise. It is not currently known whether carbohydrate consumption or simply the knowledge of carbohydrate consumption also has that effect. METHODS: Endurance trained male and female (N = 10) athletes were randomly assigned to one of two groups based on either a correct or incorrect cognitive awareness of carbohydrate intake. In the incorrect group, the subjects were informed that they were receiving the carbohydrate beverage but actually received the placebo beverage. Participants completed a 60-min ride on a cycle ergometer at 80 percent VO2peak under carbohydrate and placebo supplemented conditions. Venous blood samples were collected at rest and immediately after exercise and were used to determine the plasma glucose concentration, lymphocyte count, and extent of lymphocyte apoptosis. Cognitive awareness, either correct or incorrect, did not have an effect on any of the measured variables. RESULTS: Carbohydrate supplementation during exercise did not have an effect on lymphocyte count or apoptotic index. Independent of drink type, exercise resulted in significant lymphocytosis and lymphocyte apoptosis (apoptotic index at rest = 6.3 ± 3 percent and apoptotic index following exercise = 11.6 ± 3 percent, P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Neither carbohydrate nor placebo supplementation altered the typical lymphocyte apoptotic response following exercise. While carbohydrate supplementation generally has an immune-boosting effect during exercise, it appears that this influence does not extend to the mechanisms that govern exercise-induced lymphocyte cell death.

Experimental induction of steatosis in different tissues after the ingestion of a carbohydrate-rich diet: effect on the liver, on the heart and on indicators of oxidation / Esteatose experimental em diferentes tecidos induzida pela ingestão de dieta rica em carboidratos: efeito sobre o fígado, coração e indicadores do estresse oxidativo

CONTEXT: The western dietary pattern is characterized by a high calorie intake with a high proportion of simple sugars. This diet is associated with comorbidities such as hepatic fat deposition and is possibly related to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the capacity of a hyperglucidic diet to induce steatosis in adult male Wistar rats. After the administration of a carbohydrate-rich diet, we also evaluated the presence of hepatic and cardiac steatosis and the levels of intrinsic antioxidants in the liver. METHODS: Forty-six eutrophic adult male Wistar rats were used and 10 of them were chosen, at random, to serve as controls, while the remaining ones formed the experimental group. Control animals received the standard ration offered by the animal house and the experimental group received the hyperglucidic diet. The diets were offered for 21 days and, at the end of this period, tissue samples were collected for analysis of indicators of oxidative stress (malondialdehyde, and reduced glutathione) and of vitamin E. The animals were then sacrificed by decapitation and their viscera were removed for analysis of liver and heart fat. RESULTS: The hyperglucidic diet used induced hepatic fat deposition, with lipid vacuoles being detected in 83 percent of the livers analyzed by histology. No lipid vacuoles were observed in the heart. Malondialdehyde and reduced glutathione levels remained unchanged when the animals were submitted to the hyperglucidic diet, probably because there was no liver development of fibrosis or inflammation. In contrast, the levels of vitamin E (antioxidant) were reduced, as confirmed in the literature for steatotic animals. CONCLUSION: The hyperglucidic diet induced hepatic steatosis. In the heart there was an increase in fat content, although no histological changes were observed. These alterations cannot be explained by the presence of malondialdehyde or reduced glutathione (indicators of oxidation), since the values were similar in the groups studied. However, a significant reduction of vitamin E was observed in the experimental group.

CONTEXTO: O padrão alimentar ocidental é caracterizado pela ingestão de dieta rica em açúcares simples. Esta alimentação é associada com comorbidades como, por exemplo, deposição de gordura no fígado e possivelmente relacionada com a esteatose hepática não-alcoólica. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a capacidade de uma alimentação hiperglicídica induzir esteatose em ratos Wistar adultos. Após administração de uma dieta rica em hidratos de carbono, foi avaliada a presença de esteatose hepática cardíaca e a presença de antioxidantes no fígado. MÉTODOS: Quarenta e seis ratos Wistar adultos eutróficos foram utilizados no experimento. Destes, 10 animais escolhidos por meio de sorteio simples (ao acaso) foram considerados controles e os demais pertencentes ao grupo experimental. Os animais controles receberam, durante todo experimento dieta usual do biotério. Os animais do grupo experimental, durante 21 dias, receberam dieta com 70 por cento de sacarose. Ao final os animais foram sacrificados por decapitação e suas vísceras (fígado e coração) analisada quanto ao teor de gordura. As amostras de tecido hepático foram também analisadas quanto ao teor de antioxidantes (malondialdehido e glutationa reduzida) e vitamina E. RESULTADOS: A dieta hiperglicídica induziu a deposição de gordura no fígado, sendo os vacúolos lipídicos detectados em 83 por cento das amostras no fígado (histologia). No coração foi detectado bioquimicamente aumento do percentual de gordura, sem a detecção de vacúolos lipídico por histologia. Os teores de malondialdehido e glutationa reduzida não foram diferentes entre os animais dos grupos controle e experimental. Por outro lado, os valores de vitamina E, no grupo experimental, foram significativamente inferiores ao do grupo controle. CONCLUSÃO: A dieta hiperglicídica induziu ao esteatose hepática. No coração houve maior deposição de lípides, embora a histologia não tenha mostrado alterações. Esta deposição, tanto no coração como no fígado, não pode ser explicada pelos indicadores de oxidação utilizados. No entanto, foram observados baixos níveis de vitamina E, que pode estar associada a esta indução de esteatose, principalmente, hepática.

Digestão de carboidratos em equinos alimentados com dietas compostas de volumoso ou de volumoso suplementado com concentrado e/ou óleo de soja / Carbohydrate digestion in horses fed diets composed by roughages or roughages supplemented with concentrate and/or soybean oil

Determinaram-se as frações dos carboidratos não fibrosos, hidrolisáveis e rapidamente fermentáveis em diferentes dietas e estimou-se a digestibilidade aparente desses nutrientes em dois ensaios com equinos. No ensaio I, utilizaram-se quatro equinos em delineamento quadrado latino 4x4, que consumiram dietas compostas por: feno de tifton-85; feno de tifton-85 e feno de alfafa; feno de tifton-85, feno de alfafa e concentrado; feno de tifton-85 e concentrado. No ensaio II, utilizaram-se 15 equinos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, que consumiram dietas com 5, 13 e 21 por cento de extrato etéreo, obtidos com a inclusão de diferentes proporções de óleo de soja. A inclusão de concentrado nas dietas aumentou a digestibilidade dos carboidratos não fibrosos e de suas frações, sem afetar a digestibilidade da fibra, enquanto, em dietas com 13 por cento de extrato etéreo, a digestibilidade das frações dos carboidratos fibrosos e a dos não fibrosos não foram afetadas. Nas dietas com 21 por cento de extrato etéreo, houve redução na digestibilidade da celulose e dos carboidratos não fibrosos e suas frações hidrolisáveis e rapidamente fermentáveis. A análise dos carboidratos não fibrosos é uma boa estimativa do valor nutricional dos alimentos, podendo ser incluída na avaliação da qualidade dos alimentos e dietas dos equinos.

The fractions of nonfiber carbohydrates, hydrolyzable carbohydrates, and rapidly fermentable carbohydrates of diets and the apparent digestibility of these nutrients were evaluated in horses in two digestion assays. In assay I, four horses in 4x4 latin square diets: tifton-85 hay; tifton-85 hay and alfafa hay; tifton-85 hay, alfafa hay, and concentrate; and tifton-85 hay and concentrate. In assay II, fifteen horses were used in a completely randomized design, diets with 5, 13, and 21 percent ether obtained with the inclusion of different proportions of soybean oil. Results showed that inclusion of concentrate in diets increased digestibility of nonfiber carbohydrates, hydrolyzable carbohydrates, rapidly fermentable carbohydrates, and total carbohydrates, without affecting digestibility of fiber. In diets with 13 percent of ether extract in function of soybean oil inclusion, digestibility of fiber and nonfiber carbohydrates fractions was not affected; however, in diets with 21 percent of ether extract, the digestibility of cellulose, nonfiber carbohydrates, hydrolyzable carbohydrates and rapidly fermentable carbohydrates were reduced. Analysis of nonfiber carbohydrates fractions is a good estimate of feeds nutritional value, and could be included in quality evaluation of feeds and diets given to horses.

Adiponectina, insulina y glicemia, en individuos con sobrepeso u obesidad sometidos a un régimen de alimentación rico en carbohidratos complejos / Adiponectin, insulin and glucose concentrations in overweight and obese subjects after a complex carbohydrates (fiber) diet

La adiponectina es una citoquina secretada por el tejido adiposo, que regula el metabolismo energético, estimula la oxidación de ácidos grasos, reduce los triglicéridos plasmáticos y mejora el metabolismo de la glucosa mediante aumento de la sensibilidad a la insulina. Se evaluaron niveles séricos de adiponectina, insulina y glicemia, y su relación con pérdida de peso en 56 individuos con diagnostico de sobrepeso y obesidad bajo un régimen de alimentación hipocalórico, basado en el consumo de carbohidratos complejos (cereal rico en fibra durante seis semanas). Se realizó antropometría y determinación de adiponectina e insulina (ELISA), glicemia (Colorimetrico-enzimático). Los datos se analizaron por pruebas no paramétricas para comparaciones de muestras independientes o relacionadas. Los participantes fueron (12 hombres, 44 mujeres, 20 a 55 años) 17 con diagnostico de sobrepeso y 39 con obesidad. La adiponectina se encontró significativamente baja al inicio del programa en todos los participantes (4,47 ±1,64µg/mL), mayor en mujeres que en hombres (4,62±1,57 vs 3,93±1,86µg/mL). Para la glicemia e insulina sérica, los valores estuvieron dentro del rango normal (82,46±26,51 µg/dL) y (14,12±10,15l µU/mL) respectivamente sin diferencias significativas por sexo. Los participantes con sobrepeso tuvieron concentraciones significativamente mayores de adiponectina que los obesos desde el inicio hasta el final del programa. El régimen de alimentación promovió cambios en la concentración de adiponectina sérica durante el período de evaluación, notables a la segunda y sexta semana, encontrándose un incremento significativo en sus niveles séricos, y correlación negativa con el IMC y sexo a medida que perdían peso corporal.

Adiponectin one of the cytokines secreted by the adipose tissue that regulates the energetic metabolism through glucose and insulin interactions., stimulates the oxidation of fatty acids, reduces the plasmatic triglycerides and improves glucose metabolism by increasing insulin sensibility. Serum concentrations of adiponectin, insulin and glucose were assessed in order to establish association to weight loss after a dietary regime based on consumption of complex carbohydrates (fiber) during six weeks. Overweight and obese subjects (n=56) were studied by anthropometry. Adiponectin and insulin were measured by ELISA and glucose by Colorimetry. Data was analyzed by non parametric tests to compare independent or related samples. 12 men and 44 women, aged 20 to 55 years, 17 overweight and 39 obese were assessed. Adiponectin concentration was significantly low at basal determination in all the subjects (4,47 ±1,64); being higher in women (4,62±1,57 vs 3,93±1,86 µU/mL in men), while glucose and insulin values were at normal range (82,46±26,51 µg/dL and 14,12±10,15 µU/mL) respectively with no significant differences for sex. Overweight subjects had significantly higher adiponectin concentrations than obese participants, at all measurements. Dietary regime promoted significant increase in adiponectin concentration at second and sixth week, with a negative correlation to body mass index and gender as they lost body weight.

Intervención educativa en salud bucal con preescolares indígenas de México / Educative intervention in oral health with indian preschool children from Mexico

Objetivo: la educación en salud bucal constituye uno de los principios fundamentales de la estomatología comunitaria. El objetivo fue desarrollar hábitos de higiene bucal y de consumo racional de carbohidratos simples en niños de preescolar. Métodos: Se realizó una intervención educativa en salud bucal durante 4 semanas dirigida a 32 preescolares entre 4 a 6 años de edad de una escuela pública en zona central de México a través de una metodología educativa basada en teorías sobre el aprendizaje (cognitivo-constructivista e inteligencias múltiples). Madres y maestras participaron activamente dentro del proceso educativo. Se realizó un diagnóstico bucal. Se aplicó un cuestionario pre y postintervención educativa basado en conocimientos y prácticas. Se obtuvieron medidas de tendencia central y diferencias de proporciones con un nivel de significancia estadística de 0.05. Resultados: En cuanto al nivel de conocimientos adquiridos se obtuvo un aumento del 87 por ciento (p = 0.001) preescolares clasificados dentro de la categoría de eficiente. Aumentó a un 84 por ciento (p = 0.001) la ejecución del cepillado dental matutino, así mismo hubo un incremento del 69 por ciento (p = 0.001) en la frecuencia diaria del cepillado. El 97 por ciento (p = 0.001) de los niños disminuyó la frecuencia en el consumo de alimentos con alto contenido de carbohidratos simples. Conclusión: El aporte del estudio es mostrar que las intervenciones educativas basadas en teorías del aprendizaje y adaptadas al tipo de población considerando el nivel cognitivo, socioeconómico y cultural desarrollan hábitos de salud bucal.